Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay - 1565 Words

Introduction Autism spectrum disorders Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are a collection of heterogeneous disorders that share the characteristics of social and communicative deficits, highly focused and restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The estimated prevalence of the disorder in 2014 was 1 in 45 (2.24%) children and adolescents age 3 to 17 (Zablotsky et al., 2015). Behavioral symptoms typically become evident in the first 2 years of life and involve abnormalities in language development, social attention, and emotional reactivity (Landa Garret-Mayer, 2006; Dawson et al., 2004). The symptoms of this disorder often have a negative impact on the quality of life of the individual,†¦show more content†¦The overfunctioning of primary perceptual regions may explain this atypical perceptual processing. We also see of enhanced feedforward, but reduced feedback connectivity in ASD, based on MEG findings. One study found a locally generated cortical response in the primary motor cortex (S1) and secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) to be reduced in adolescents with ASD. Feedforward functional connectivity between S1 and S2 was also investigated, which was increased in the ASD group. This study also reported significantly reduced mu-ÃŽ ² rhythm, a measure associated feedback connectivity (Khan et al., 2015b). Functional studies have found that activity from sensorimotor tasks ‘invade’ association cortices (Mà ¼ller et al., 2004; Mà ¼ller et al., 2003), and overconnectivity between sensorimotor cortices and supramodal cortices (Carper et al., 2015). This developmental hypothesis is yet to be tested between the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex, and could likely lend insight to the symptoms we see in the ASDs. Striatum Anatomy, function, and connections of the striatum The striatum works in conjunction with the cortex to execute and control motor functions (Raz et al., 1995). The striatum is also crucial to higher order functioning, such as action planning, decision making, motivation and reward perception (Hollander et al., 2005). This structure has been associated with symptomatic behaviors in a number of other disorders, includingShow MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesAutism If your odds were one in 68 would you play the lotto? With odds that good it would be hard not to, but these are not the odds for the lottery - this is the chance that your child will have autism. Autism is a challenging disorder not only for the child, but also for the parents and family of the child. A long road begins for the family once this disorder is diagnosed and it takes a strong support structure for all that are involved. In today’s society, every person and profession willRead MoreEssay On Autism Spectrum Disorders811 Words   |  4 PagesPreviously other studies have failed to replicate the different performances between people with Autism Spectrum Disorder and controls that resulted in inconsistent findings. This study is primarily to assess the visual search abilities in children with autism spectrum disorders, tested through the flicker task. The researchers hypothesized children with ASD will be more compromised in the changes on emotion-laden than in typi cally developing children; which differed from previous hypothesis. QuestionsRead More Autism Spectrum Disorders Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagespaper discusses the potential of using technologies in the diagnosis, study and intervention treatments of autism. The first part of paper introduces background information on autism spectrum disorder. The second part deals with review of literature survey. The third part summarizes our proposed research work on the connected topic. The fourth part concludes our work as whole. Keywords— autism, discrete trail training, applied behaviour analysis, voice output communication aids I. INTRODUCTION Read MoreEssay On Autism Spectrum Disorders710 Words   |  3 PagesYoung adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), have struggled to obtain employment after completing high school or college. In many studies of young adults with ASD, low rates of employment are reported (4.1 and 11%) despite their intellectual abilities. Moreover, research on interventions for adults with ASD is scarce, and only 4% of all studies of ASD in 2010 were longitudinal studies. Wehman, Schall, McDonough, Kregel, Brooke, Molinelli, Ham, Graham, Riehle, Collins Thiss used ProjectRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesEven with a substantial amount of research on the complex concept of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), much remains unknown when it comes to the root of this disorder. Study after study have shown that there are multiple brain regions of the ASD brain that act differently when compared to typically developing (TD) individuals. One area of the brain that researchers have shown an interest in is the fusiform gyrus. The fusiform gyrus is a section of the brain that is located between the parahippocampalRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder Essay1395 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Autism is a brain development disorder that a child is usually born with. The disorder was first described in 1943 (Goldman, 2003, p.852). It is know to affect about 1 in 1000 people in the U.S and is more common in males than in females (Goldman, 2003, p.852). The symptoms are very widely ranged. In general, there is failure to develop language and communication skills, unable to form normal social relation ships, and a need to follow a routine. Symptoms Many childrenRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorders Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagescharacteristics or Autism Spectrum Disorder, including its symptoms, treatments, and possible causes. This paper will also highlight the differences between Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD) and Asperger Disorder(AD). Autism spectrum disorders effect one in 110 births in the United States. Autism spectrum disorders are severe, incurable developmental disorders whose symptoms, including impairments in social interaction and communication, emerge during the first two years of life. Asperger disorder distinguishesRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder Essay1177 Words   |  5 PagesStereotypical Behaviors of Adolescents with Autism Autism Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in information processing and social interactions. ASD symptoms include repetitive behavior, disordered language/communication, and unreciprocated social and emotional interaction. These impairments indicate underlying neurodevelopmental abnormalities and are often exhibited in delayed communication compared to those who are not on the spectrum. B.F. Sparks and his colleagues have identifiedRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder Essay919 Words   |  4 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is widely described as a range of conditions that affect a person’s social interaction, communication and cognition4,7. The exact cause of ASD is still unknown. However, studies have shown that several genetic and environmental factors are associated with ASD development. Sjaarda et al. show a link between a genetic mutation in the serotonin transporter Slc6a4 gene, prenatal stress and the development of ASD-related characteristics. Serotonin (5-HT) is a neurotransmitterRead MoreEssay on Autism Spectrum Disorders4121 Words   |  17 PagesAutism is a disorder enshrouded in enigma. This perplexing thing we call autism has left many developmental experts scratching their heads time and again as to what the specific causes may be. Dead ends and an endless multitude of potential factors seem to be the most common results researchers stumble upon as it relates to the origins of autism. Although it is postulated that autism has a somewhat strong genetic basis involving but not limited to rare and complex gene mutations, it is still a

The Noose Tightens For Two Important Reasons - 961 Words

The chapter is titled â€Å"The Noose Tightens† for two important reasons. First, most directly they arrested Nahum Cohn and his son friends of Anja’s father and hung them. Secondly, Vladek and his family start to face the hardships brought on by the Nazis. During this chapter it is evident that the Nazis are trying to create a difficult environment for the Jews. They begin rationing goods and making it harder for Vladek’s family to work. Most of the business done by Vladek or his father-in-law must be dealt with on the black market in order for the family to get their basic needs. Nahum Cohn and two other Jews were taken away for dealing goods without coupons. Vladek’s and him father-in-law did quite a bit of business with him because he owned a dry goods store. Vladek also says he traded with one of the other men Pfefer, a Zionist. The German’s hung the Jews in the street for a week to make an example. It no doubt was a large impact on Vladek. Thr oughout this whole chapter we see instances where the German’s tighten their authority on the Jews. German’s would take Jews for breaking minor laws or even no laws at all. It was harder to acquire a good amount of food. It was harder to find work or continue working in their old line of work. They were forced to move to from their home. Sell personal belongings. Family members taken away like Anja’s grandparents. Many time they were corralled up with no idea what was happening a dilemma they faced at the stadium at Sosnowiec. ThisShow MoreRelatedModern Politics And International Relations1805 Words   |  8 Pagesby Stephen Walt in â€Å"Alliances: Balancing and Bandwagoning,† operates on sets of realist assumptions discussed below. The first is that the most important goal of a state is to survive because without survival, there can be nothing else. Realists admit that there are other things that are important besides survival but also point out that t hese important things are impossible to attain unless a state can survive first. Secondly, states are unpredictable: therefore they must be suspected of havingRead MoreGovernmental Influence on Trade4904 Words   |  20 Pagesgovernmental trade policies Chapter Overview A government’s political objectives are sometimes at odds with its economic proposals to improve a nation’s market efficiency and international competitiveness. Chapter Seven begins by discussing the reasons why and the ways in which governments intervene in the international trade process. It then examines the economic and the noneconomic effects of those actions upon participants in that process. Finally, the chapter considers the principle instrumentsRead MoreAbortion Must be an Option for Parents of Disabled Children Essay4296 Words   |  18 PagesAbstract Certain reasons and factors should allow women carrying children with physical and mental disabilities the choice of abortion with them knowing that they cannot fully provide for their children emotionally, financially and even physically. This report discusses these reasons and their implications; justifies the need for the action that is considered â€Å"murder† in most societies and sheds light on the hard truth for those few who have been dealt with the unfortunate situation of having childrenRead MoreRealism Theory and Narcoterrorism Essays7379 Words   |  30 Pageskm of land, approximately three times the size of California. However, according to the CIA World Factbook it is estimated that only 2.1% of the land is arable, 1.37% is already used for permanent crops, and the rest of its 96% is used for â€Å"other† reasons. According to the 2008 World Drug Report, over 99,000 ha of Columbian land is used for cocaine cultivation. Due to its ongoing civil wars and weak democratic government, Columbia has become a haven for narco-terrorism. Insurgent groups such as the

Why Did the Industrial Revolution First Begin in England

Why was Britain the first country to industrialize? The industrial revolution, which occurred during the hundred years after 1780, was a true european revolution. It was in England that the industrial revolution first took hold. This change, which occurred between 1750 and 1830, happened because conditions were perfect in Britain for the Industrial Revolution. Having used wood for heat instead of coal, Britain was left with large deposits of coal remaining to fuel the new ideas. Any raw supplies Britain itself did not have could be provided by its many colonies. These colonies also provided captive markets for the abundance of new goods provided by the industrial revolution. Also, England s economy had progressed further than that†¦show more content†¦The Enlightenment not only meant a larger educated population but also more modern views on work. The population in Great Britain was ready to move out of the country and to the city to work. Britain also had the large middle class and flexible mercantile class necessary. English society, unlike many others, was not opposed to new money, and as such was eager to accept the new wealthy and their new ideas. The englishShow MoreRelatedIndustrialization : The Industrialization Of America Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pageshowever, that has not always been the case. Before America became the industrial dynamo that is today, there were multiple other countries that it had to compete against such as China, England, Japan, and Germany. While each of these countries prospered at some point throughout their technological history, America was able to learn ways to adapt in order to compete against each and every one of them. The Industrial Revolution has contributed to America in a number of ways. It has contributed to theRead MoreIndustrialization Of The Industrial Revolution886 Words   |  4 Pageslife was changed during this time. 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Overall these industrialization was filled with death, neglect, and disease but endedRead MoreWhy did the Industrial Revolution begin in England, and What are the Inventions from this Era?788 Words   |  4 PagesThe Industrial Revolution refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s. Before the Industrial Revolution, people made items by hand. Soon machines did the jobs that people didn’t want to do. This was a more efficient way of making goods. During the industrial revolution, Political, economical, and social forces led to a period of u pheaval for the French during the eighteenth century. What political, economical, and social forces led to a periodRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Shelley s Rage Against The Machine 1341 Words   |  6 Pages19th century England. This dynamic change was evident in the way society in England transitioned from an aristocratic, land-owner based social structure to a society that catered to the needs of the working class that brought about the Industrial Revolution, a period of rapid changes that introduced new innovations in the technological and manufacturing field to the world. However, the Industrial Revolution also played a part in some of the pervading societal struggles occurring in England at the timeRead MoreThe Effect of Industrial Revolution on Britain Essay1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of Industrial Revolution on Britain An industrial revolution is the term generally applied to the complex of economic changes which are involved in the transformation of a pre-industrial, traditional type of economy, characterized by low productivity and normally stagnant growth rates, to a modern industrialized stage of economic development, in which output per head and standards of living are relatively high, and economic growth is normally sustained. Read MoreThe Continent Of Africa, By Thomas Getz s Cosmopolitan Africa1454 Words   |  6 Pagesimportance and impact the time period 1770-1875 had on the shaping of pre-colonial Africa’s historical experience. By diving head first into Africa’s past and closely examining several themes and concepts of the time, one can fully comprehend just how much the colonization of Africa changed it forever, both for the better and the worse. The many reasons as to the â€Å"how and why† Africa was shaped into what it has become today can be seen within Thomas Getz’s book, Cosmopolitan Africa. Specifically, itRead MoreThe World During The 18th Century1697 Words   |  7 Pagesknowledge gained so far from this course truly opened my eyes why many of the world’s institutions existed, or existed to this day. For example, much was known about the cash crop known as cotton and the impact it had on America, but what was not known was how i t truly circulated throughout the world and in essence, made the world go ‘round. Yes, cotton was a driving force which helped set up the America’s market. Moreover, it also did the same for the creation of, what historians call, the â€Å"globalRead MoreKarl Marx s Theory Of Crime And Deviance1696 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx was a sociologist in the eighteenth century and was one of the first to develop and explain a conflict perspective on how society functions, he was a liberal reformist who had more radical views about the origins of crime and deviance. He became popular in the US and UK during the 1970’s. Like many radical criminologists, he developed the perspective of the conflict theory that explained how some social interactions result in to conflict and how individuals engage in conflict daily toRead MoreFoundations Of Criminal Investigations History1465 Words   |  6 PagesRecap I. (1700 s-20th century) The Impact of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolution and Industrial RevolutionsDuring the eighteenth century two events—an agricultural revolution and an industrial revolution, which began a process of change that profoundly affected how police services were delivered and investigations conducted.The roots of America’s system of criminal investigation go back to the towns and cities in England during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. As a source of law enforcemnt

Management Skills And Business Successâ€Free Samples For Students

Question: Discuss About The Management Skills And Business Success? Answer: Introduction Management process is a coordination of all activities in an organization aimed at achieving a specified objective (Matuso, 2017). It includes planning, controlling and coordinating of all resources using the management skills. The management skills are always used to accomplish all the goals efficiently by the manager. The skills include motivation, problem-solving, communication professionalism, innovations and technical expertise that are applied correlatively to achieve the objectives of a company. How negative and positive effects of cultural and social environment can hinder or support planned actions achievement Social and cultural environments refer to the religions, beliefs, ethical, customs practices and behaviors in a set society or business enterprise. The social and cultural environments comprises of shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, society and the government, that control the outcome either positively or negatively. For example, the taxes, license, and policies placed on business enterprise might be high and exclusive to the extent that leads to closure of the firm or rather prevents entry of any new business in the market. The customers offer the market for the product and services; therefore, ready market ensures the success of the business, unlike unstable and inadequate market that will lead to the failure of the business. Well built and motivated employees provide easy time in both the management and production of quality products and services. Actions that I would take to achieve these things and why they are essential to an organizations sustainability and ongoing success Honesty- A good manager should always be honest since through honesty, the staffs tend to gain trust in their leader (Matuso, 2017). To acquire honesty, a manager should be able to say truth and maintain the promises at all times. The gained trust by the employees can always fade away within minutes due to lies from the manager to the staffs, and therefore as a manager, I will strive to say truth and keep all the promises made to my team members. Most of the managers tend to fall into the trap of the leadership and fail to admit that there are issues that they dont know in the company. I will accept that the management is a process that changes at every stage; there is always new thing learned from both the workers and the challenges faced. Through the acceptance, I will be able to control myself and not be so hard on my team, create a space for self improvement. Delegation of work- Most of the managers tend to complain of too much work expected for them to do within a short period mostly caused by lack of delegation of duty (Rese et al,2011).A good manager will always delegate work to the deputy or any other senior staffs so as to create own space to attend to other vital issues. Through delegation, as a manager, I will be able to oversee the overall activities of the company and attend to the vital ones for example attending meetings and solving any obstacles to success of the business. Duty delegation also allows easy supervision on the activities, I will walk around in every department and every capable individual to take up responsibilities to certain tasks and avoid being a micro-manager. The delegation of duty also creates trust among the team, since every individual given the task will perceive this as a personal responsibility placed upon them by the manager. Work delegation also will allow me to have a self-check on every persons we akness, accept them and work on them for improvement. Strong communication- Communication is one of fundamental skills of good management in every business setting (Yu, 2013). Most managers tend to forget that communication between an employee and staff is a two-way street, where by all parties are given time to ask questions and respond. Therefore, to ensure the business success as the captain; I will strive to offer clear communication about the goals and objectives to my staffs. Thoroughly communicating the companys aims and objectives to the crews will ensure that everyone understands and is working towards the same purpose. I will be open and direct in my communication through all the departments and use the most possible persuasive to ensure the companys objectives are well received by all the stakeholders. The communications and training should be done and mostly to the new members on a daily basis through availing myself to them at all times of need, as this will ease any discussion or solving any problem that may arise among th em (Skold et al ,2013). Being able to clarify what I want and the companys vision and mission to my team will create a healthy productive working environment since they will acquire trust and will strive to work harder and smarter. Commitment For the production of quality products and services, there should be a full commitment of all the stakeholders of the company, and this is only achievable when led by committed manager (Eacott, 2011). As the leader of the team, I will embark on activities that will motivate them in doing their tasks with ease and enthusiasm, such as cleaning the compound alongside the cleaning team or helping in the service during peak hours. Doing such activities not only create close relationship between the manager and the staffs but also instill the same working energy and commitment among them. As the manager I will show the team that commitment is not only working hard but also the ability to uphold a promise, made by both parties, for example, I will ensure that all the promises made in regard to the best performing staffs are deliverable as to the word. Positive attitude- Most of the managers are always able to attain business goals and objectives but fail to maintain the par due to frequent changes of the staffs attitude (Sunindijo, 2015). Studies show that most of the staffs like real leaders with I can do attitude since they tend to bring up and develop the employees to their best performance level (Yu, 2013).As a manager I will try and understand all things that motivates each member of my team, for example, you find that some employees get motivated by money or title while others by achieving a balance between work and personal life. Therefore with all these personal information, I will easily motivate and keep positive attitude of my team. The motivation is achievable through a number of ways, for example by providing refreshers and snacks to boost energy and morale every time the team is overwhelmed with work. As a manager, I will make the team feel valuable in the company and a source of every little achievement attained by the company through communicating and awarding the individuals who have caused the effect. Therefore to improve the management, I must be able to know and measure each individual attitude and be able to assess them, as this will allow me to predict on any future problem. Strong Inspiration A manager should always forecast to cause inspiration in every stage of a new business, as this helps in building a strong team (Lee, 2017). As a good manager, I will have strategic thinking that is passed down from the top management to the last staff trough creating the companys urge in them by communicating personally and making them feel invested in the companys achievements without biases. I will acknowledge and commend everyones effort to keep their spirits high. I will always want to see everyone succeed in their work by offering personalized training and development while avoiding over critics to small problems committed by my team. Through inspiration, everyone will be enthusiastic to work harder to finish particular works as stipulated. Inspiration also ensures that there is a strong team in an organization (Yu, 2013). Studies shows that most of the staffs tend to do things not because they want to but rather than what they get out of it or rather because consequential fear. As a manager, I will conduct an efficient selective hiring of staffs that will appropriately fit the team I want and inspire them to feel the companys ownership to acquire the objectives and goals. Approach- A business always contains different types of people based on various social, cultural, economics, education and skills background (Penalt, 2017). All these people are essential to the success or failure of the business. As a manager who wants the best out of the team, I will learn to have different approaches towards every individual in the company to offer self and sincere respect to each member of the team. To achieve this, I will learn the behaviors of each staff in the working area, how the staff performs the task and the relationship of the staffs to other staffs, hence giving me better informations on how to guide and develop one another. Through this, every member of the team will be able to be open and accept the environment more comfortable to be oneself. Avoid public critics- Every human being is prone to mistakes and criticism of the mistakes done by the staffs should be done in a better manner and in private place with the relevant authorities. Some managers tend to criticize and snap on their staffs mostly when they are stressed (Yammarino, 2000). As a manager, I will try and practice good ethical management, for example, taking a break when am stressed to avoid snapping on my staffs. It requires self-discipline for the for a manager to avoid making criticizing the staffs in public, as it places the manager in a situation of losing an individual respect and eventually the whole teams respect. As a good manager, I shall avoid criticizing my staffs but criticize their behaviors of which I will offer guidance on how to change to their betterment. Continuous criticism and snapping on employees also make the employees fear to be near you hence the relationship will be weak (Saeed et al, 2014). Therefore, this calls me as a manager to h ave strong problem-solving skills like involving others to create fairness in every issue. Through this, I will be able to retain the best members of my team and doing an away with those that are unproductive in a better way. As a manager, as much as I will avoid public criticism, I will ensure that every problem is solvable as they arise to avoid letting them hung around like a bad odor. Be a leader too not only a manager- Most of the managers always concentrate on the title part of the management and forget that it is a skill. (Locket et al, 2012) .Titles do not earn respect, and therefore as a manager, I will strive not to be a manager but a leader to my team. As a leader, I will selectively hire my staffs, offer them the required training, participate fully in developing them to the required level, absorb them to the team and motivate them to achieve the specified goal through participating with them one on one in every step of the production and service. It is realizable that most managers fail because they dont instill trust among the staffs due to the continuous use of the management title, unlike leaders who must always maintain the confidence of the leaders (Matuso, 2017). To be a leader one must be able and willing to adapt to adapt to any the change like change in the best member of your team. As the manager, I will apply the leadership skills to attain the companys goals. Through leadership, I will be able also to offer a challenge to the employees by stretching them more to achieve more skills and production, unlike in most of the management where the staffs are always satisfied at their respective levels (Fernandez et al, 2016). Therefore it will ensure that most of the best employees are not stagnant but keep on developing and learn from their mistakes. Improve in managing both money and time- For the success of every business, money is very vital and should always be made to stay and circulate within the company (Biondi et al, 2017). Most of the managers always spend more money than the cash inflow, creating a vast outdoor for the money, therefore, most business enterprises always face financial crisis. As a manager, I will learn to take control of the money spent through ensuring that all the personnels involved in the purchasing department are responsible and every purchase must be authorizable by the manager. By this, I will make sure that there is no impulse buying or unrealistic purchases that will lead to wastage of money. Sound financial management will also ensure that all the licenses and salaries are paid on time to avoid problems caused by both the government and the workers due to delay or failure of the payments. Most of the managers always complain of having too much to do due to failure in managing time (Eacott, 2011). A good manager should learn and improve in achieving both of his and the teams time to be effective. As a manager, I will do away with all activities and persons that are causing wastage of time during work. For example, improve the quality of the machines, the number of employees to undertake a particular task within shortest period and staffs that do other activities that are not related to work. Conclusion Management style is acquired and is a process that takes a given period of time depending on the environment. Since there is no set mathematical formula for making a good manager, it should be notable that every person who is aspiring to make and improve on the management skills should be ready to learn in different ways and various aspects even from the team. Therefore, the success of every business depends on the management style applied on the resources. References Biondi, Y., Sierra, M. (2017). Pension management between financialization and intergenerational solidarity: a socio-economic analysis and a comprehensive model. Socio-Economic Review. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwx015 Eacott, S. (2011). Leadership strategies: re-conceptualising strategy for educational leadership. School Leadership Management, 31(1), 35-46. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2010.540559 Fernandez, C., Noble, C., Jensen, E., Chapin, J. (2016). Improving Leadership Skills in Physicians: A 6-Month Retrospective Study. Journal Of Leadership Studies, 9(4), 6-19. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jls.21420 Lee, W. (2017). Factors Timing Factors. The Journal Of Portfolio Management, 43(5), 66-71. https://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jpm.2017.43.5.066 Levasseur, R. (2013). People Skills: Developing Soft SkillsA Change Management Perspective. Interfaces, 43(6), 566-571. https://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.2013.0703 Lockett, L., Boyd, B. (2012). Enhancing Leadership Skills in Volunteers. Journal Of Leadership Education, 11(1), 233-244. https://dx.doi.org/10.12806/v11/i1/ab2 Matsuo, M. (2017). The Unlearning of Managerial Skills: A Qualitative Study of Executive Officers. European Management Review. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/emre.12122 Mumford, M., Todd, E., Higgs, C., McIntosh, T. (2017). Cognitive skills and leadership performance: The nine critical skills. The Leadership Quarterly, 28(1), 24-39. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.10.012 PANAIT, C. (2017). DEVELOPING LEADERSHIP SKILLS. IDENTIFYING LEADERSHIP QUALITIES AND ATTRIBUTES. Review Of The Air Force Academy, 15(1), 167-172. https://dx.doi.org/10.19062/1842-9238.2017.15.1.22 Rese, A., Baier, D. (2011). Success factors for innovation marketing in networks of small and medium enterprises. RD Management, 41(2), 138-155. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2010.00620.x Saeed, T., Almas, S., Anis-ul-Haq, M., Niazi, G. (2014). Leadership styles: relationship with conflict management styles. International Journal Of Conflict Management, 25(3), 214-225. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcma-12-2012-0091 Skld, M., Karlsson, C. (2013). Stratifying the Development of Product Platforms: Requirements for Resources, Organization, and Management Styles. Journal Of Product Innovation Management, 30, 62-76. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12064 Sunindijo, R. (2015). Project manager skills for improving project performance. International Journal Of Business Performance Management, 16(1), 67. https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbpm.2015.066041 Yammarino, F. (2000). Leadership skills: introduction and overview. The Leadership Quarterly, 11(1), 5-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1048-9843(99)00040-5 Yu, P. (2013). Improving IT Professionals Job Skills when Management Styles and Cultural Values Work Together. Academy Of Management Proceedings, 2013(1), 11350-11350. https://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2013.11350abstract

Psychotherapy Theories in Counseling

Question: Discuss about the Psychotherapy Theories in Counseling. Answer: Psychotherapy Theories in Counseling Psychotherapy theories provide a framework for the counselors and therapists for interpreting the feelings, thoughts and behavior of a client. It serves as a navigator for the journey of the clients from the diagnosis to the post-treatment phase. One of the integral parts of the therapeutic process is formed by the theoretical approaches and selection of the right counseling approach is crucial for the therapy. According to Sigmund Freud, it is the unconscious forces that are responsible for driving the behavior of an individual (Sharf, 2015). Therefore, this essay will discuss the counseling of Mei Ling and explore the different dimensions of her psychological condition using two approaches from the theoretical model groups that include psychoanalytic therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. Theoretical Model Group A Psychoanalytic Therapy Psychoanalytic therapy is the process of counseling based on the theories proposed by Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis and forefather of psychology. The influential effect of the unconscious mind over the behaviors and thoughts of an individual is explored and offers resolution and insight to the client seeking therapy. Experiences from early childhood are looked by this therapy to investigate whether these events have affected the life of the individual and contributed to the present situation (Peterfreund, 2016). Psychoanalytic therapy is aimed to make changes that are deep seated in the emotional and personality development and it is a long term choice depending upon the condition of the client. Conceptualizing the Client Mei Ling is married for 14 years to Steven and is a nurse in a surgical ward. Since she has discovered that her husband is having an affair and will leave her. Although she has no evidence to her claim, however, this is based entirely upon her assumptions as fear. Going back to her childhood history, it can be seen that she had undergone a similar situation in her childhood when her father deserted her mother and she along with her children were left all alone. Her mother became depressed and Mei took the responsibility to help her mother and take care of her siblings, being the eldest child. Now, that she is married and having her own family, she is suffering from the same depression that her mother suffered but without any valid evidence. It is a memory of her childhood that has brought back the evil thoughts from her unconscious mind to the consciousness that is causing her to face the fear. It is what a repressed memory is and repression is the one on which the foundation of psyc hoanalysis is based (Morris, Fitzpatrick Renaud, 2016). Something happens that generates fear and the mind holds on to the memories and reaches underground to some inaccessible corner in the level of unconsciousness. The memories which were sleeping in that level for years suddenly emerged on to the surface. This emergence poses a problem to the individual and brings about behavior that is not relevant to the normal character (Meystre et al., 2015). Since Mei has lived a horrible childhood without her mother, she feels the same can repeat with her when Steven will leave her for another woman. This memory of failed marriage of her mother brings about unnecessary fear in her mind and eventually caused her depression. Therefore, I will conceptualize Mei based on the psychoanalytic therapy of counseling to reach the deeper roots of her unconscious mind where lies the real reason for her depression. Development of Counseling Relationship As previously mentioned, psychoanalytic therapy is guided by the principal of harboring the deep rooted memories and feelings in the unconscious mind that affect the behavior of the client. Based on this principle, I, being the psychoanalytic therapist, will develop a counseling relationship with Mei in the ways that are context specific and cater the therapy style and technique to the client. I will foster an equal relationship with Mei by adopting unconditional acceptance attitude that will develop with her a trusting relationship. In response to this, she will be encouraged to open up and explore the hidden conflicts and unresolved issues in her unconsciousness that is affecting her behavior and mood. For understanding the unconscious disturbances, I will adopt few procedures to explore the mind of Mei. When Mei attended her counseling, she presented her condition as down and depressed with occasional outbreaks of tears, without citing any proper reason. This cleared the fact that there is something hidden in her unconscious mind that is disturbing her without any evidence of her husband cheating over her. My free association with Mei can be a procedure that will enable her to speak up whatever comes first in her mind regarding her childhood memories of the divorce of her parents. This spontaneous flow of feelings and thoughts to emerge without any restriction will result in the development of a counseling relationship based on trust (Capuzzi Stauffer, 2016). Therapeutic transference will be another procedure that will help to redirect the feelings of Mei from a significant person towards the therapist or towards me. This transference can be manifested in the forms of dependence and trust and through the exploration and recognition of this transferred relationship, I will understand her feelings and resolve the conflicts arising out of her childhood (McLeod, 2013). Interpretation of the awareness by the therapist of the mental state of the client increases their capacity to integrate the material that the client is not aware of (Sharf, 2015). Thus, Mei will develop a relationship of trust with me as a counselor for effective treatment of her depression. Approaches and Techniques As a psychoanalyst, I will be using various approaches and techniques as part of my counseling with Mei to get the best results using the psychoanalytic therapy. Rorschach Inkblot Technique is a type of projective test that will help Mei to project the information from the perceptions of her unconscious mind for interpretation of the ink blot. This will be used to analyze the emotional functioning and personality characteristics of Mei (Stolorow, Brandchaft Atwood, 2014). Freudian slip is another technique that I can use is based on the fact that unconscious feelings and thoughts are transferred to the level of consciousness through parapraxes or a slip of the tongue. It provides a sudden insight of the unconscious mind and makes every behavior look significant (de Jonghe et al., 2013). I will be watching out for any slip of tongue by Mei that can reveal any of her past instances related to her present depression. Another useful approach that can be used for Mei is the analysis of t ransference as it will help to transfer the feelings of the client to the therapist (Lane, 2014). This approach is valuable as it will provide Mei to re-experience the underlying feelings that require being resolved. These techniques and approaches will help me to analyze the past of Mei for understanding her present and frame a strategy for her treatment. I will be asking her few questions to get an overview of her situation and investigate apart from her past experiences, is there any other mental stress that is the reason for her depression. My first question will be What brings you here? Freudian slip model will be used here to analyze her speech and locate any slip of tongue for identifying various possibilities. My next question will be From your viewpoint, what is the problem?' Rorschach Inkblot Technique model will be useful for analyzing her emotional functioning and personality characteristics. What do you feel of your childhood? will be my next question for analyzing the underlying feelings of Mei by transference or feeling her situation. Adoption of the Psychoanalytic Therapy Model Adoption of the model of psychoanalytic therapy by me as a counselor will help me immensely and I will feel authentic and comfortable. Since Mei is suffering from depression that can be traced from her childhood incidents, it can be well said that the psychoanalytic therapy will be the appropriate model to get over her past by analyzing it and relieve her of the depression. Psychoanalytic therapy has been recognized as a global therapy due to its wide range of clinical applications in helping the clients to change their life perspectives (Huber et al., 2013). The current maladaptive perspective of Mei of her suspecting her husband is tied to her personality factors that are deep-seated and developed in her childhood. Therefore, it will be helpful for me as a counselor to retrieve those underlying memories and bring about a change in her perspective on life to help her live a better life. I will relate her depression with the loss that Mei experienced as a child due to the divorce of her parents. Since she could not come to terms with the loss, she fell prone to depression in her later life. The model will help me to encourage her to recall her childhood experiences for untangling the fixations that have grown around it (Lionells et al., 2014). Since Mei is under the state of depression, I have to be careful while using the technique of analysis of transference as she will have the tendency to get overwhelmingly dependent on me. The model aims at making her lesser dependent and develops functional ways of accepting and understanding the loss of her life, without spoiling her present with unnecessary fear (Zimmermann et al., 2015). Bringing the best in the treatment out of my model will be my aim for counseling Mei and since this model appropriately fits into the requirements, therefore this will make me feel more comfortable and authentic in dealing with her problem. Appropriateness of the Model I feel psychoanalytic therapy will be one of the most appropriate models for counseling Mei as it is highly relevant to her depressive disorder. The model is designed effectively to help the clients explore their entire range of emotions that includes the underlying feelings that are not aware of. The model helps to relate the unconscious elements of the past life of the clients with their present experiences and make them understand how their mood and behavior gets affected by the unconscious feelings and unresolved issues from the past. This model will help me to make few assumptions regarding the case of Mei and that begins with the fact that psychological problems are often deep-seated in the unconscious mind. Symptomatic manifestations are the results of the latent disturbances and the prime causes include repressed or development trauma and finally the treatment will focus on bringing to consciousness the repressed conflict to enable Mei to deal with the problem and get rid of her depression (Kohut, 2013). To get the best out of my counseling, I would ask Mei to relax on a couch and ask her the questions regarding her childhood memories. This will give a probable picture of why does she suspect her husband and fear about the consequences that would happen if he leaves her. If required, the technique of dream analysis can also be implemented as it is the most followed path to unconsciousness to bring back any other significant memory that relates with her childhood and has any effect on her present depression (Busch, Rudden Shapiro, 2016). However, this therapy is time-consuming and do not provide quick answers with a handsome investment of money and time. Retrieving the repressed memories that are unpleasant and painful might increase the distress. Considering the benefits and drawbacks of the model, it can be said that this could be one of the best models for presenting the problem. Multicultural Considerations Multiculturalism is known to play the fourth force in the field of psychology as it enhances the ability of the selfrecognition of the counselors to understand the clients and encourages their inclusion. Observation of the multicultural considerations will ultimately help in understanding the benefits and hindrances of the treatment by the counselor (Draguns, 2013). The multicultural considerations for Mei include age, ethnicity, job and marriage. Since Mei is 33 years old, therefore, she has long passed her childhood and stress has to be given to retrieve her repressed memories. Since she belongs to the Chinese ethnicity, therefore her traditional and ethical values have to be respected while asking her the interview questions (Moodley Palmer, 2014). She works in a surgical ward as a nurse and so she might be well accustomed to the process of interviewing and caring. It is expected that she will be co-operative during the interview process without complaining about its tediousness. Since she is happily married for 14 years to Steven with 2 sons, therefore passing on positive vibes of a happily married life can boost up her confidence and help her forget her childhood trauma of the divorce of her parents. Application of the psychoanalytic model with the multicultural considerations will provide maximum benefits to Mei and her treatment. Theoretical Model Group B Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy is used in the evidenced based practice as a psychosocial intervention for the treatment of mental disorders like depression. It is focused on the development of the personal coping strategies and aims at solving the unhelpful patterns and current problems in regulation, emotional, behaviors and cognitions. Cognitive behavioral therapy has been widely recognized as an effective treatment for depression based on the fact that the mood of a person is related directly to the thought patterns (Hofmann et al., 2012). The prime objective of cognitive behavioral therapy is to help the client recognize the negative thought patterns and evaluation of their validity. This will help them to replace the negative thoughts with much healthier thought processes. Conceptualizing the Client Mei Ling is a 33 year old nurse who works as a nurse in a surgical ward. She is married to Steven for 14 years and has 2 sons. They had a happily married life until recently, she is anticipating that Steven is having an affair and will leave her. This negative thought has exerted a profound impact on her thought process and altered her behavior greatly. She often burst out into tears without any reason and has secluded herself from the social activities. She has started to doubt her cognition as she feels she has to pretend to be happy in social gatherings when she is actually sad and this is giving her a feeling of agitation and on the edge. Her behavior has also changed towards her kids as she has got short tempered with her sons and do not spend much time with them. These clearly describes that the very thought of her husband having an affair followed by his departure has given birth to all these negative thoughts and irrational behavior. Although she has a family history of divor ce which followed the same trait, it has also contributed to the development of the negative thoughts (Kendall Hollon, 2013). The cognitive behavioral therapy divides the approach into behavioral and cognitive components. The cognitive component helps to identify the client and the therapist to identify the negative thoughts that are generating the negative emotions. The behavioral component facilitates the therapist to help the client assess the impact of the daily activities on the mood of the client to improve the symptoms of depression (Kendall Hollon, 2013). Both the components will be applied by me to conceptualize Mei with her present problem with the cognitive behavioral therapy model. Each of these components will analyze the thought and mood of Mei to generate positive thought replacing the negative thoughts and assist her to relieve the symptoms of depression. Development of Counseling Relationship Developing a counseling relationship by the therapist with the client is essential as a primary and secondary element of therapy. The primary element considers itself and the secondary element considers supportive effects. The model of cognitive behavioral therapy is based on the collaboration between the client and the therapist and both of them work for the determination of the goals and terms of success (Cummings et al., 2013). For developing a counseling relationship with Mei, I will have to be honest and open to her for sending explicit and clear messages to her with honest feedbacks. I will have to work with the schemas where I will be putting together the collections of rules, experiences and beliefs of Mei regarding herself and the world around her. Since Mei has developed the concept that she is on the edge and agitated and about to lose her husband, this has created a negative vibe and I will have to create a place of trust where she can depend on me as a support of trust a nd help. I will have to be sensitive about her relationships and bring about the changes gradually or she will find herself incompatible with the core ideas of the therapy. Therefore, as the therapy will progress, the changes in the schema will bring about the changes in her thought process (Farmer Chapman, 2016). The primary elements of the therapy includes guided discovery of the schema beliefs, recording of the dysfunctional thoughts and relaxation trainings. Relationship forms the secondary element of therapy and therefore, analyzing her interpersonal schemas, emotional processing, previous attachments and other various other processes will help to develop a counseling relationship with her (Sharry et al., 2013). Accurate empathy, warmth, rapport, trust and genuineness are the important factors for building up a relationship with the client by the therapist. A good counseling relationship is essential in cognitive behavioral therapy because if the client finds the therapist hel pful, they start feeling better and their problems begin to reduce. Approaches and Techniques Cognitive behavioral therapy employs several approaches and techniques as part of the counseling. For Mei, I can apply the ABC techniques of the irrational beliefs as proposed by Albert Ellis that includes activating event, belief and consequences in three different columns (Hayes et al., 2013). The first column of activating event is also known as the objective situation and it records the event that is responsible for the negative dysfunctional thinking or high emotional response of Mei. In the second column of belief, she will be asked to write down the negative thoughts that have occurred to her. The third column of consequence consists of the dysfunctional behaviors and negative feelings that ensued. The second column acts as a bridge between the distressed feelings and the situation and the third column describes the negative thoughts and describing emotions that Mei thinks have been caused by the first column of activating events (Cuijpers et al., 2013). According to Albert El lis, activating event is not responsible for causing behavioral consequences due to negative emotions but the client makes unrealistic interpretations and develops an irrational belief that results in the consequences The resulting consequence might be healthy or unhealthy depending on the belief whether it is rational or irrational (Fava et al., 2014). This technique will help to find out the belief of Mei and give appropriate justification of her emotions. A series of questions can be asked to Mei that is based on the technique of this model. This will begin with the question Why did you pick up this thought? This will give a picture of the objective situation or activating event that is going on in her mind. The next question will be Is that actually true? This question will provide with the justification of her thoughts whether the belief that she possess is rational or irrational. The next question is What if we looked at this situation differently? This will provide Mei with a possible solution to her cognitive distortion and look at the consequences from a different viewpoint. Adoption of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Model As a counselor, adoption of the cognitive behavioral therapy will make me authentic and comfortable as the basic principle of the model connects cognition with the emotional responses of the client. Cognition in the form of preconceived judgments and thoughts determines and precedes the emotional responses of the individual (Karlin et al., 2012). This theory of the model is applicable for the scenario of Mei as her disturbed childhood has a role to play in her present situation that is fetching negative thoughts about the future. This model helps the client to focus on the current problems and helps to solve them. It requires an active commitment from both the therapist and the client. The therapist helps the client to learn about the identification of the unhelpful or distorted thinking patterns, change and recognize the inaccurate beliefs, relate to others in a positive manner and change the behavior accordingly (Feng et al., 2012). Adoption of this model will help me to guide Mei with her down and depressed mood that she is having since last 4 months. The depression has reached such heights that she is bursting into tears without any knowledge. This model will help me let her find out the reason for this disturbance. Is it a fear of the future or just a negative thought that she is nurturing. She is having the belief that her husband is having an affair and might leave her putting an end to their happily married life. Although she has no evidence to this thought but she is scared of the future. Application of the cognitive behavioral therapy will help her to recognize and change these inaccurate beliefs and make her stronger to face the future whatever it beholds. She has withdrawn herself from the social activities and also do not spend much time with her kids, apart from being short tempered. Again, this model will help her to relate with others in a positive manner and change the behavior accordingly to live a happier and healthier life. Therefore, it can be well said that my adoption of the model of cognitive behavior therapy will be absolutely authentic and make me comfortable in the counseling of Mei. Appropriateness of the Model Considering the treatment point of view, this model is said to be one of the most appropriate model of counseling for Mei due to its several application advantages. Cognitive behavioral therapies facilitate the clients to do self-counseling and therefore, they are instructive enough to provide the skills rationally to the clients (Thoma et al., 2012). Treatment with this model is of shorter duration and therefore, has better compliance among the clients. This model is focused on getting better rather than feeling better and yield long-term results. This model is considered to be cross-cultural and follows the universal laws of cognition and behavior. The sessions of this model are very much structured and therefore, the therapist does not lose focus while carrying out the counseling (van Ballegooijen et al., 2014). This provides positive results in a shorter period of time. Since it is adaptive and can be researched, therapists follow this model for setting defined goals and techniqu es for the counseling session. Apart from the benefits, several drawbacks have been recognized for the model of cognitive behavioral therapy. Faulty cognitions are a part of the model and its precise role is not determined. The scope of the cognitive model is narrow as it explores a single portion of human functioning (Kendall, 2013). Considering both the advantages and drawbacks, it can be said that this model would be one of the best and appropriate model for the solving the problem of Mei. Multicultural Considerations It is a common observation that people belonging from various cultures have different thought processes and reasoning skills. As cognitive behavioral therapy is concerned with the thought and thought processes of the client, therefore multicultural considerations have to be taken into account. Cultural norms like behavior in different situations tends to have an impact on the therapy and different cultural backgrounds of the therapist and the client results in complications regarding understanding of the thought process of the client and arriving at a solution (Chowdhary et al., 2014). Multicultural considerations like age, ethnicity, job and marital status of Mei have a role to play in employing this model. Since she is a middle aged woman, she is ought to think rationally and the deviations of her thoughts from normal reveals the intensity of the depression. She is of Chinese ethnicity and since their tradition gives importance to family values and bonding, therefore she is prone t o develop negative thoughts regarding leaving of her husband as she has a childhood experience of her family falling apart (Rathod et al., 2013). Since works as a nurse, she is expected to have a strong mentality of supporting people. Since she needs a mental support now, there has to be something wrong with her mental balance. She has an experience of a failed marriage in her past and therefore, she is skeptical about her own marriage that his giving rise to negative thoughts in her mind. Considering these factors, it can be said that multicultural considerations have to be made while employing this model in order to get the direction in the treatment of the depression of Mei. From the analysis of both the models of psychoanalytic therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy, it can be concluded that cognitive behavioral therapy would be the most appropriate and best fit model for Mei Ling. This is because it is a quicker process with lesser investment of money and provides long-lasting results over the other model. Since she is going through the depression for last 4 months, it will be beneficial to provide her relief rather than extending the episode. 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